Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians, Saxon Ruler

Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians, Saxon Ruler Aethelflaed (Ethelfleda) was the eldest child and daughter of Alfred the Great and sister of Edward the Elder, king of Wessex (ruled 899-924). Her mother was Ealhswith, who was from the ruling family of Mercia. Who She Was   She married Aethelred, lord  (ealdorman) of Mercia,  in 886. They had a daughter, Ælfwynn. Aethelflaeds father Alfred put London in the care of his son-in-law and daughter. She and her husband supported the Church, giving generous grants to local religious communities. Aethelred joined her husband Aethelred and her father in fighting against Danish invaders. How Aethelred Died In 911 Aethelred was killed in battle with the Danes, and Aethelflaed became the political and military ruler of the Mercians. She may have been the de facto ruler for a few years during her husbands illness. After her husbands death, the people of Mercia gave her the title Lady of the Mercians, a feminine version of the title that her husband had held. Her Legacy She built fortresses in western Mercia as a defense against invading and occupying Danes. Aethelflaed took an active role, and led her forces against the Danes at Derby and captured it, and then defeated them at Leicester. Aethelflaed even invaded Wales in retribution for the killing of an English Abbott and his party. She captured the wife of the king and 33 others and held them as a hostage. In 917, Aethelflaed captured Derby and was able to take power in Leicester. The Danes there submitted to her rule. Final Resting Place In 918, the Danes in York offered their allegiance to Aethelflaed as protection against Norwegians in Ireland. Aethelflaed died that year. She was buried at the monastery of St. Peter at Gloucester, one of the monasteries built with funds from her Aethelred and Aethelflaed. Aethelflaed was succeeded by her daughter Aelfwyn, whom Aethelflaed had made a joint ruler with her. Edward, who already controlled Wessex, seized the kingdom of Mercia from Aelfwyn, took her captive, and thus solidified his control over most of England. Aelfwyn is not known to have married and may have gone to a convent. Edwards son, Aethestan, who ruled 924-939, was educated at the court of Aethelred and Aethelflaed. Known for:  defeating the Danes at Leicester and Derby, invading Wales Occupation:  Mercian ruler (912-918) and military leader Dates:  872-879? - June 12, 918 Also known as:  Ethelfleda, Ethelflaed,  Aelfled, Æthelflà ¦d, Aeoelfled Family Father: Alfred the Great (Ælfred), ruled Wessex 871-899.  He was the son of  Ãƒâ€ thelwulf, King of Wessex and his first wife, Osburh (Osburga).  Mother: Ealhswith of the Gaini, daughter of  Ãƒâ€ thelred Mucil  of the Gaini tribe and Eadburh, a Mercian royal.  As was Saxon custom, she was not crowned or titled queen.Brother: Edward the Elder, king of Wessex (ruled 899-924)Sister: Aethelgiva, Abbess of ShaftesburyBrother: Aethelwaerd (three sons with no descendants)Sister:  Aelfthryth, married Baldwin, Count of Flanders (Aelfthryth was the 4th great-grandmother of  Matilda of Flanders, married to William the Conqueror, and thus an ancestor of later British royalty)Husband: Aethelred (Ethelred, Æthelrà ¦d), Earl of MerciaDaughter: Aelfwyn (Aelfwynn, Ælfwynn, Ælfwyn,  Elfwina)

How To Write A Good Definition Essay, with Topics

How To Write A Good Definition Essay, with Topics How to write a definition essay (Writing Guide) How to start How to write a main part How to write conclusion Outline example List of topics There are quite a number of essays that students are supposed to learn in high school and in college. Most of these skills are not just crucial for class work and exams, but rather they are also when it comes to daily activities at the place of work. As such, these are skills that go along the way into helping students tackle career chores with more ease. The definition essays tend to be long and thorough. Though it is not as popular as most of the other essays, it can prove to be a challenge. As such, where given a choice, students are advised to choose those words which have plenty to write about. This is relative to the lengthy nature of the essay and could mean that the student may run out of ideas before they can meet the length threshold. There are those words that have a definite meaning, such as book, tree or even glass among others. However, there are those that have a more abstract meaning depending on the person giving the definition. In an example, a word such as honor, love or honesty will have a personal and an academic meaning. As such, the word choice for a definition essay is crucial, relative to the determination of the amount of content a student can write about the same. The essay is written in the best choice of words for the readers to understand what the writer is trying to explain. It is important that the writ er does not use jargons to explain a word as they are trying to get the audience to understand. As such, simplicity and clarity are the keys when writing a definition essay. As such, the definition essay elicits a debate among the readers and between the readers and the writer, with regard to what the definition of a certain word is. It is important the writer is able to engage the audience in a battle to determine the true meaning of a word from a personal and academic point of view. Structure of a definiton essay Like most of the other essays, the importance of the outline cannot be underestimated. This is relative to the fact that the outline acts as the framework within which all the ideas in the essay are organized. It is also among the baselines which help the writer brainstorm on the ideas to include, check for weak links in the content development, reduce the time it takes to write the essay and refine the ideas outlay for the audience. Below is an example of what the outline of a definition essay will look like. Introduction Attention getter Thesis statement Body Body paragraph one: History and origin of the word Body paragraph two: Dictionary explanation and use of the word Body paragraph three: Personal definition Conclusion Following the definition essay outline guide stipulated above, it is crucial to understand the various aspects which go into making a good definition essay. Each of the sections on the outlines play a crucial role to help the audience engage the mind of the writer and vice versa, in the debatable explanation of what a word will mean to either of the parties. Introduction for a definition essay The introduction of the essay is crucial, as the writer uses it to help the audience connect with the debate and the ideas floated in the essay. The first part of the introduction is the attention getter. This is also referred to as the hook, as it is developed in a manner to get the attention of the readers. There are quite a number of articles that can be found online, among other mediums and thus it is upon the author to make sure they get the attention of the readers for them to engage with the article beyond the topic. The writer has to make sure they have the best start for the paper to keep the readers going further into the text. Even for the teachers, it is important that the student is able to keep them interested, which translates into better grades. Thesis The other part of the definition essay is the thesis statement. Like the attention getter, it is important for the writer to have the ability to develop a thesis statement which draws the readers to wanting to know more about the word. The trick here is to make sure the thesis statement is framed as an argument. In an example, the word patriotism does not mean that citizens have to blindly follow the values of the government, but those the nation was founded on. This creates an element of debate, where the author may argue, the sitting government does not inspire patriotism among the citizens. This is a topic likely to spark a sharp debate and makes sure the audience is eager to get to the bottom of the debate. The thesis statement in this case is clear, which means that the writers should always avoid being vague. At the same time, when writing a definition essay, the writer should ensure the thesis statement is short and precise. It also has to be a complete sentence, not just a ph rase that leaves the audience hanging, while identifying the purpose of the paper. Like an outline, the thesis statement is a guide, but one that defines the structure of the paper more than the outline does. The bottom line is that, other than the thesis statement being interesting, it should also be relevant to the debate developed in the paper. Body paragraphs The body of the definition essay articulates the debate established in the thesis statement an elaborated in the introduction. The first paragraph of the body paragraphs debates the issues regarding the history and origin of the paper. The first paragraph is associated with introducing the word to the audience and helping them to better understand the baseline of the word and what it to be discussed in the paper. The first paragraph also helps to prepare the audience for the debate in the definition essay. The second paragraph of the paper is associated with defining the word according to dictionary meaning. The author may choose to select a number of reputable dictionaries to use, in the definition of the word. The second paragraph is a section that relates to getting the meaning of the word with an academic approach. The third paragraph of the definition essay is associated with the personal definition of the word. How to write conclusion for a  definition essay The last part of the definition essay is the conclusion, where the writer summarizes the main points building the argument and then closing with an attention getter, by referring to the introduction and thesis statement. Finalizing definition essay To make sure the definition essay meets the academic and professional threshold, it is important to proofread the essay. This is to make sure there are no mistakes which could lower the integrity of the essay. When choosing the right word for the perfect essay, there are some elements to consider which include using a word that is abstract and has a complex meaning. It is important that the word is debatable and one which is familiar. The other important aspects include reading up on the dictionary meaning of the word and then researching on the origin of the word. List of topics for a definition essay: Love Success Honor Honesty Patriotism Hate Terrorism Farming Technology Laziness Cheating Marriage Relationship Family Rudeness Respect Sacrifice Boyfriend Wife Husband Girlfriend Home Fashion Beauty Privacy Rights Heroism Courage Fear Poverty Masculinity Feminism

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Essay - 5

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management - Essay Example Moovers and Shakers must focus heavily on internal human resources strategy to ensure that service staff members positively and enthusiastically represent the business brand. Their performances coupled with moderate and competitive pricing will help Moovers and Shakers gain market interest and achieve better profitability. Moovers and Shakers 1. Introduction Moovers and Shakers is a small, mobile food service business that will be serving Coventry, the 12th largest city in the UK maintaining a population of 316,900 as of 2011 (Coventry City Council 2012). Coventry maintains a diverse variety of different commercial centres, stadiums for sporting events, and five colleges and universities that will assist in sustaining profit for the business. Moovers and Shakers will consist of three mobile food carts, staffed in different locations within the boundaries of Coventry operating between the hours of 11am and 8pm, except during special events (e.g. sporting, school functions or arts and drama) in order to capture lunch and dinner crowds; especially commercial professional customers. Moovers and Shakers will carry a limited, yet targeted menu consisting of hamburgers, gourmet franks, nachos and cheese, pretzels and accompanying frozen and fountain soft drinks. What makes Moovers and Shakers so extraordinary will be the moderate pricing structure and an emphasis on food serving flair provided by recruited operators (staff) to make the Moovers and Shakers dining a complete and interesting experience. Moovers and Shakers will be established as a sole trader organisation. This structure will provide the owner with more control over the business, ranging from administration to accounting, and this business structure requires much less regulatory restrictions and licensing necessary for a small start-up. The sole trader format also gives the business owner much more control over exit in the event that the business is not achieving expected profitability or in the event of the owner seeking a different business opportunity. This is due to the fact that the sole trader maintains 100 percent liability for the company. Until the business is able to expand, maintaining profit control for a single business owner is necessary to ensure proper wage accumulation without split capital. The key to success for Moovers and Shakers is food quality and variety, however it is the finesse and flamboyance of food preparation by the mobile cart operators that will gain customer interest and build more allegiance to the Moovers and Shakers brand identity. Mobile cart operators will operate the frozen drink machines and accessories much like a high-class bartender, putting on a display for customers during preparation. These expert employees with the skills for food prep panache will perform a variety of tossing and juggling when assembling the customers’ products, giving Moovers and Shakers a rapid reputation for a stylish food experience. As such, the business plan will focus on recruitment and retention needs as employees will be vital to building a positive brand and how to reduce risk of losing qualified, expert employees. The business plan will also rely heavily on advertising in order to compete. The business plan therefore focuses on models of marketing that are known to bring more buyer interest and how Moovers and Shakers intends to apply these lessons to this innovative mobile food business. The

Finance and Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finance and Accounting - Research Paper Example It is without doubt that table salt had developed into a well-rounded and mature enterprise but Sea Shore Salt had grown gradually over the years however, on the peril of its competitors that were not well known in the business. The company had developed a legacy with its brand name that was ideally known and recognized in the area giving the company a competitive advantage despite it being very difficult to pronounce the name quickly (Sages & Grable 57). Bernice reported to work on January 2, 2006 and everything was seen to be going smoothly until Mr. Brinepool sent her a memo on the company’s cost of capital, giving her the task of explain to all the other managers the company’s weighted average cost of capital. Bernice had not expected such a task so soon and hence, she stayed at the office late that night to prepare for any questions that may be shot at her during the meeting that was scheduled to be held the following day. Bernice at first analyzed and summarized t he company’s recent balance sheet to and later on wrote down some points she had discovered: (Sages & Grable 58). The bank where the company had taken a loan charged an interest that was similar to the existing market rate bearing in mind that the long- term debt had previously been issued not so long ago. This meant that the book as well as the market values of the debt could not have a great difference in margin. The company had issued stock about 35 years ago at the time when the interest rates were significantly lower than they are now. The stock were expected to rise by a large margin over the years and eventually become very lucrative in future though this did not happen. The current stock which was initially preferred was now trading at only $70 per share contrary to what the management expected the share price to stand at by this time. Common stock was expected to trade at $40 per share by this time. Earnings for the subsequent year were projected to be at about $4 an d the dividends shareholders were going to receive at the end of the fiscal year was probably expected to be around $2 per share. Sea Shore Salt had a tradition of using 50% of her earnings to pay dividends to its shareholders and the rest would be retained by the company for future expansion and growth. Fig 12. 2 Mr. Brinepool’s cost of capital memo Sea Shore Salt Company Spring Vacation Beach, Florida CONFIDENTIAL MEMORANDUM DATE: January 15, 2006 TO: S.S.S. Management FROM: Joe- Bob Brinepool, president SUBJECT: Cost of capital This memo gives and insight and understanding about the company’s long- term policy concerning rates to be considered in terms of making decisions involving capital investment. Recently, many people have started to raise questions and there has been an air of confusion with regards to this disturbing matter. Sea Shore Salt analyses investment by discounted a cash flow that is discounted. The problem in discount rate is the weighted average co st of capital experienced by the company after tax. The weighted average cost of capital is the combination of the amount of returns that investor expect a company to generate at the end of each fiscal year. These investors include persons or institutions such as banks, bond holders or even stock investors; this is on top of the already present stock owners. Sea Salt financings are summarized in the following table Amount (in millions) percent of total rate of return Bank loan 120 20% 8% Bond issue 80 13.3

Stone Henge Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stone Henge - Research Paper Example The only identified comparable sites of similar epoch (Flagstones and Stonehenge in Dorset) are just a quarter of Avebury size. The ditch alone was 21m (69ft) wide and 11m (36ft) deep, with its key fill carbon dated to around 3400 - 2625BC (Castleden 34). A later date in the current period is more likely though excavation of its bank has validated that it has been expanded, presumably by use of materials excavated from its ditch. The fill on the foot of the final ditch may therefore post-date any other in a former, shallower ditch that does not exist any more. Since there lacks written account from the era of the Avebury Stonehenge construction, nobody knows for sure. Neolithic people resided here as evidenced by some artifacts found inside the sites and in burial barrows. They do appear to line up with spiritual events that are readily recognized. However, the why question remains a clandestine. This has sparked many legends about their origin and purpose dealing with the entirety f rom King Arthur to the Devil. So far none of the mysticism has any historical reliability. The circles predate them all, except perhaps of course the Devil (Sugden 1)! Aubrey Burl estimates a sequence of construction starting with the South and North erected around 2800BC, followed by the Outer Circle and the henge around 200 years later, the 2 avenues added around 2400BC. A timber circle of 2 concentric rings, acknowledged through archaeological geophysics conceivably stood in the northeast part of the outer circle, though this waits excavation testing (John and Atkinson 9). A ploughed barrow can also be seen from the air in north-western quadrant. The henge had 4 entrances, 2 opposing ones on north by north-west and south by south-east line, and 2 on an east by - and west by south-west line. ‘In spite of being a man-made construction, it was featured in the 2005 TV program Seven Natural Wonders as among the wonders of West Country for the reason that it consists of natural c onstituents. The henge is a World Heritage Site and a Scheduled Ancient Monument’ (unesco.com). Excavation at Avebury Stone Henge has been quite limited. Sir Henry Meux placed a trench over the bank in 1894, which consequently gave the first suggestion that this earthwork was constructed in two stages. The site got surveyed and excavated spasmodically about 1908 to 1923 by a team of workers under the command of Harold St. George Gray. Gray Harold was able to establish that the Avebury constructors had dug down 11m (36ft) into the natural chalk during excavating the henge ditch, creating an outer bank 9m (30ft) high around the entire perimeter of the henge as well as using red deer horn as their main digging tool (LLC 46). Harold Gray recorded the ditch’s base as being flat and 4m (13ft) wide although some late archaeologists have grilled his use of untrained labor to excavate the ditch, suggesting that its form might have been different. Harold Gray found few artifacts in the ditch filled but did recover dispersed human bones, jawbones being principally well represented. At about a depth of 2m (7ft), Gray encountered a complete woman’s skeleton 1.5m (5ft) tall who had been possibly buried there (LLC 51). Alexander Keiller, an archaeologist re-erected majority of the

Law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility Economics Essay

Law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility Economics Essay Managerial Economics is the intergration of bridges the gap between economic theory with business practice so as to facilitate decision making Comment outline the nature and scope of Managerial Economics in light of this statement. Spencer and Siegelman have defined Managerial Economics as the integration of economic theory with business practice for the purpose of facilitating decision-making and forward planning by management. The above definitions suggest that Managerial economics is the discipline, which deals with the application of economic theory to business management. Managerial Economics thus lies on the margin between economics and business management and serves as the bridge between the two disciplines. The following Figure 1.1 shows the relationship between economics, business management and managerial economics. pg-2 NATURE OF MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS There are certain chief characteristics of managerial economics, which can help to understand the nature of the subject matter and help in a clear understanding of the following terms: Managerial economics is micro-economic in character. This is because the unit of study is a firm and its problems. Managerial economics does not deal with the entire economy as a unit of study. Managerial economics largely uses that body of economic concepts and principles, which is known as Theory of the Firm or Economics of the Firm. Managerial economics is concrete and realistic. It avoids difficult abstract issues of economic theory. But it also involves complications ignored in economic theory in order to face the overall situation in which decisions are made. Economic theory ignores the variety of backgrounds and training found in individual firms. Managerial economics belongs to normative economics rather than positive economics. Normative economy is the branch of economics in which judgments about the desirability of various policies are made. Positive economics describes how the economy behaves and predicts how it might change. In other words, managerial economics is prescriptive rather than descriptive. It remains confined to descriptive hypothesis. Managerial economics also simplifies the relations among different variables without judging what is desirable or undesirable. For instance, the law of demand states that as price increases, demand goes down or vice-versa but this statement does not imply if the result is desirable or not. Managerial economics, however, is concerned with what decisions ought to be made and hence involves value judgments. This further has two aspects: first, it tells what aims and objectives a firm should pursue; and secondly, how best to achieve these aims in particular situations. Macroeconomics is also useful to managerial economics since it provides an intelligent understanding of the business environment. This understanding enables a business executive to adjust with the external forces that are beyond the managements control but which play a crucial role in the well being of the firm. SCOPE OF MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS As regards the scope of managerial economics, there is no general uniform pattern. However, the following aspects may be said to be inclusive under managerial economics: Demand analysis and forecasting. Cost and production analysis. Pricing decisions, policies and practices. Profit management. Capital management. Demand Analysis and Forecasting A business firm is an economic Organisation, which transforms productive resources into goods that are to be sold in a market. A major part of managerial decision-making depends on accurate estimates of demand. This is because before production schedules can be prepared and resources are employed, a forecast of future sales is essential. This forecast can also guide the management in maintaining or strengthening the market position and enlarging profits. The demand analysis helps to identify the various factors influencing demand for a firms product and thus provides guidelines to manipulate demand. Demand analysis and forecasting, thus, is essential for business planning and occupies a strategic place in managerial economics. It comprises of discovering the forces determining sales and their measurementDemand determinants Demand distinctions Demand forecasting. Cost and Production Analysis A study of economic costs, combined with the data drawn from the firms accounting records, can yield significant cost estimates. These estimates are useful for management decisions. The factors causing variations in costs must be recognised and thereby should be used for taking management decisions. This facilitates the management to arrive at cost estimates, which are significant for planning purposes. An element of cost uncertainty exists in this because all the factors determining costs are not always known or controllable. Therefore, it is essential to discover economic costs and measure them for effective profit planning, cost control and sound pricing practices. Production analysis is narrower in scope than cost analysis. The chief topics covered under cost and production analysis are: Cost concepts and classifications Cost-output relationships Economics of scale Production functions Cost control. Pricing Decisions, Policies and Practices Pricing is a very important area of managerial economics. In fact price is the origin of the revenue of a firm. As such the success of a usiness firm largely depends on the accuracy of price decisions of that firm. The important aspects dealt under area, are as follows: Price determination in various market forms Pricing methods Differential pricing product-line pricing and price forecasting. Profit Management Business firms are generally organised with the purpose of making profits. In the long run, profits provide the chief measure of success. In this connection, an important point worth considering is the element of uncertainty existing about profits. This uncertainty occurs because of variations in costs and revenues. These are caused by factors such as internal and external. If knowledge about the future were perfect, profit analysis would have been a very easy task. However, in a world of uncertainty, expectations are not always realised. Thus profit planning and measurement make up the difficult area of managerial economics. The important aspects covered under this area are: Nature and measurement of profit. Profit policies and techniques of profit planning. Capital Management Among the various types and classes of business problems, the most complex and troublesome for the business manager are those relating to the firms capital investments. Capital management implies planning and control and capital expenditure. In this procedure, relatively large sums are involved and the problems are so complex that their disposal not only requires considerable time and labour but also top-level decisions. The main elements dealt with cost management are: Cost of capital Rate of return and selection of projects. The various aspects outlined above represent the major uncertainties, which a business firm has to consider viz., demand uncertainty, cost uncertainty, price uncertainty, profit uncertainty and capital uncertainty. We can, therefore, conclude that managerial economics is mainly concerned with applying economic principles and concepts to adjust with the various uncertainties faced by a business firm. Managerial Economics serves as a link between traditional economics and the decision making sciences for business decision making. The best way to get acquainted with managerial economics and decision making is to come face to face with real world decision problems. Managerial economics is used by firms to improve their profitability. It is the economics applied to problems of choices and allocation of scarce resources by the firms. It refers to the application of economic theory and the tools of analysis of decision science to examine how an organisation can achieve its objective most efficiently. Ques No 2. Discuss the role of Managerial Economist in a Business Organization. A managerial economist helps the management by using his analytical skills and highly developed techniques in solving complex issues of successful decision-making and future advanced planning. The  role of managerial economist  can be summarized as follows: He studies the economic patterns at macro-level and analysis its significance to the specific firm he is working in. He has to consistently examine the probabilities of transforming an ever-changing economic environment into profitable business avenues. He assists the business planning process of a firm. He also carries cost-benefit analysis. He assists the management in the decisions pertaining to internal functioning of a firm such as changes in price, investment plans, type of goods /services to be produced, inputs to be used, techniques of production to be employed, expansion/ contraction of firm, allocation of capital, location of new plants, quantity of output to be produced, replacement of plant equipment, sales forecasting, inventory forecasting, etc. In addition, a managerial economist has to analyze changes in macro- economic indicators such as national income, population, business cycles, and their possible effect on the firms functioning. He is also involved in advising the management on public relations, foreign exchange, and trade. He guides the firm on the likely impact of changes in monetary and fiscal policy on the firms functioning. He also makes an economic analysis of the firms in competition. He has to collect economic data and examine all crucial information about the environment in which the firm operates. The most significant function of a managerial economist is to conduct a detailed research on industrial market. In order to perform all these roles, a managerial economist has to conduct an elaborate statistical analysis. He must be vigilant and must have ability to cope up with the pressures. He also provides management with economic information such as tax rates, competitors price and product, etc. They give their valuable advice to government authorities as well. At times, a managerial economist has to prepare speeches for top management. Ques No 3. Critically explain the role of the concept of Time value of Money in Mangerial decisions? The time value concept of money assumes importance because of the fact that future is always associated with uncertainty. A rupee in hand today is valued higher than the one rupee that is expecting to be recovered tomorrow. The following are points that come in support of the fact that the concept of time value of money is quite relevant in any area of decision making : (a) The purchasing power of money over period of tinw goes down in real times. That means, though numerically the same, the purchasing power of one rupee today is considered to be high economically than its value as on a future date. (b) Individuals prefer present consumption to future consuiilption. This is because of the risk a n d uncertainty associated with future. (c) There is always related costs in any investinent. These costs tend to bring down future value of money. The concept of time value of money figures in rnany day-to-day decisions. For example. in the vital decision making areas in the management like the effective rate of interest on a business loan. The mortgage payment in real estate transaction and evaluation of true Return on investment etc. the time value of money plays an important role. Wherever use Of money is involved and its inflow and outflow patterns are spread over a time horizon, this concept very useful. For example consider the following: * A banker must establish the term of loan * A finance manager is who considers various alternatives sources of funds in terms of cost. * A portfolio manager is one who evaluates various securities Ques No 4 Compare the Cardinal Ordinal Approaches to Consumer Behaviour. Which of these enables us to bifurcate the price effect and how? Cardinal Approach refers that you can calculate or Measure the utility (degree of satisfaction) Numerically, while According to ordinal approach you can not measure the utility numerically.   Cardinal Approach follow the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility while Ordinal Approach follow the Indifference Curve. Cardinal Approach Emphasis on units while ordinal approach is based on rank. When discussing cardinal vs. ordinal, it is helpful to look at what the words mean. The distinguishing factor here is between cardinal and ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers are 1, 2, 3; ordinal numbers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd. Some crucial differences follow from that. Whereas mathematical operations can be performed on cardinal numbers, they cannot be performed on ordinal numbers. Now, when talking about cardinal utility, it is an attempt to measure the utility of various alternatives. When talking about ordinal utility, it is the ranking of alternatives. Cardinal utility is, however, an erroneous concept. It is impossible to measure utility. People can only say I prefer A to B, but cannot meaningfully say I prefer A 2.5 times more than B or something to that effect. Furthermore, comparisons of utility between different individuals are impossible and meaningless, as well as between the same individual at different points in time (as individuals can and do change their preferences that is, ordinal value-scale rankings). Because value is subjective, we cannot measure it and cannot compare between two different people, or even between the same person at different times. To clarify, ordinal utility culminates in value-scales: 1st: A   2nd: B   3rd: C whereas cardinal utility is the erroneous attempt at measurement: 10utils A   7utils B   3utils C Ques No 5. Managerial Economics is inter- disciplinary in natureComment/ Explain the relationship of ME with other disciplines. Managerial economics is essentially applied economics in the field of  business management. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢It is the economics of business. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢It pertains to all economics aspects of  managerial decisions making. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢It is the integration of economic principles with business management practices. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Managerial economics rests on the edifice of  economics. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢A fundamental knowledge of economics and economic theory is needed for a  meaningful analysis of business situation Managerial economics is linked with various other fields of study like- Microeconomic Theory: As stated in the introduction, the roots of managerial economics spring from micro-economic theory. Price theory, demand concepts and theories of market structure are few elements of micro economics used by managerial economists. It has an applied bias as it applies economic theories in order to solve real world problems of enterprises. Macroeconomic Theory: This field has little relevance for managerial economics but at least one part of it is incorporated in managerial economics i.e. national income forecasting. The latter could be an important aid to business condition analysis, which in turn could be a valuable input for forecasting the demand for specific product groups. Operations Research: This field is used in managerial economics to find out the best of all possibilities. Linear programming is a great aid in decision making in business and industry as it can help in solving problems like determination of facilities on machine scheduling, distribution of commodities and optimum product mix etc. Theory of Decision Making: Decision theory has been developed to deal with problems of choice or decision making under uncertainty, where the applicability of figures required for the utility calculus are not available. Economic theory is based on assumptions of a single goal whereas decision theory breaks new grounds by recognizing multiplicity of goals and persuasiveness of uncertainty in the real world of management. Statistics: Statistics helps in empirical testing of theory. With its help, better decisions relating to demand and cost functions, production, sales or distribution are taken. Managerial economics is heavily dependent on statistical methods. Management Theory and Accounting: Maximisation of profit has been regarded as a central concept in the theory of the firm in microeconomics. Ques No 6. Discuss the properties of Indifference Curves. Discuss their role in consumers decision making process? Indifference Curves Each point in the  diagram  stands for a basket of meat and ghee (cooking oil) A, B, C, D are all baskets among which a certain consumer is indifferent. All give equal utility. These points and all others on a smooth curve connecting them constitute an indifference set. An indifference curve is a graphical representation of an indifferent set. Indifference Curve Properties Following are the indifference curve properties: 1. If two commodities are perfect substitute the indifference curve is a straight line. http://www.studylecturenotes.com/images/stories/Indifference%20Curve%20Properties%20Fig%201.jpg When two commodities are not substitutable then the shape is represented by two vertical and horizontal lines. http://www.studylecturenotes.com/images/stories/Indifference%20Curve%20Properties%20Fig%202.jpg In more typical cases, in which the two commodities can be substituted for each other but are not perfect substitutes, the indifference curve will be curved as http://www.studylecturenotes.com/images/stories/Indifference%20Curve%20Properties%20Fig%203.jpg 4. The more easily the two commodities can be substituted for each other the nearer will the curve approach straight line. 5. Indifference curves normally slope downward, the upward sloping portion of curve shown here s impossible. Basket A has more goods than basket B and therefore it could not be on the same indifference curve.   The indifference curves have normally negative slops sloping downward. http://www.studylecturenotes.com/images/stories/Indifference%20Curve%20Properties%20Fig%204.jpg 6. The absolute value of the slope of an indifference curve at any point represents the ratio of the marginal utility of the good and on the horizontal axis to the marginal utility of the good on the vertical axis. The rate at which one good can be substituted for the other without gain or loss in satisfaction is called marginal rate of substitution. 7. Indifference curves are convex, that is, their slope decrease as one moves down and to the right along them. The implies that the ratio of the marginal utility of meat to the marginal utility of the ghee (cooking oil) also known as marginal ratio of substitution of meat for ghee (cooking oil) diminishes as one moves down and to the right along the curve. 8. Indifference curves can be drawn through the point that represents the basket of goods whatsoever. Ques No 7. Discuss the concept of Production Possibility Curve? What is the reason behind its shape? Do you think there are exceptions to it? Production Possibility curves The production possibility curves is a hypothetical representation of the amount of two different goods that can be obtained by shifting resources from the production of one, to the production of the other. The curve is used to describe a societys choice between two different goods.  Figure 1, shows the two goods as consumption and investment.  Investment goods are goods that are involved in the production of further consumption goods.  They include physical capital such as machines, buildings, roads etc. and human investments such as education and training. The sums of all investments make up the capital stock of a society. To show the point where all resources were used to produce consumption goods, one should move straight up the vertical axes to the curve.  To show the point were all resources were used to produce investment goods, one should move straight on the horizontal axes to the curve.  Both points are extreme and unrealistic.  Both points A and B represented m ore realistic combinations, with point A showing more consumption and less investment, while point B shows more investment and less consumption. http://krypton.mnsu.edu/~renner/image001.JPG The production possibility curve of figure 1., shows the trade off in production between investments and consumption goods. Any two categories of different goods could be chosen. What they are is arbitrary. The curve is used to show during a specific  period, what could be produced of the combination of the two goods, if all resources are fully employed, while technology and institutions do not change.  Given those conditions, societies output potential is realized anywhere on the curve (which is called the production possibility curves frontier). Unemployed resources (labor, capital, physical resources) of any kind would result in an inefficient production level,  and would be shown as a point to the left, or inside the curve. By definition all point to the right or outside of the production possibility curve (frontier) are impossible, given the limits of resources and technology. Opportunity Cost This hypothetical curve shows how much of consumption must be given up to increase investments (the movement from A to B).  This demonstrates the important economic concept of  Opportunity Cost, which is the cost of anything (such as an investment in a new road), in terms of what has to be given up.  This is the general concept of cost in economics. For the individual, these costs could be financial, but they could include a individuals time and other intangibles. For society the production possibility curve shows opportunity cost only on the curve itself.  If society found itself inside the curve, for instance, during a recession (where all resources are not being utilized), then a movement out to the production possibility curve has no real opportunity cost. The unemployed resources are just being utilized (unemployed labor going back to work). Opportunity cost is different than accounting cost, and unfortunately is not so easily calculated. Opportunity cost has a subjective element.  For instance, to determine the opportunity cost of a new highway, includes the obvious cost of materials, of labor, of land, (these are the easily determined accounting cost), but there are also intangible cost, such as the cost to the community of the disruption involved with new construction, and the change in the communities effected by the highway. Also there may be costs connected to increase pollution (with health effects), increased noise, and an increase in general unattractiveness.  These cost are real, but are difficult to both measure and evaluate. Putting a dollar value on these cost adds a subjective element to the evaluation. As a result sometimes they are ignored.   Ques No 8. Graphically explain the Law of Diminishing Marginal utility. Discuss its applicability in the intergrated Global Economy Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility states that as the consumer consume more and more units of a commodity the marginal utility of the commodity falls. The law of diminishing marginal utility is a psychological law arrived at by introspection and by empirical evidence. The example of this law is when a consumer drinks water on a hot afternoon; the first glass of water gives him more satisfaction as compared to the second (as the thirst has decreased after consuming one glass of water). The second glass of water gives more satisfaction as compared to the third and so on. The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, which states that as the consumer consume more and more units of a commodity the marginal utility of the commodity falls. If MUx â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¾ MUy Px Py it means that good x is giving more satisfaction to the consumer as compared to good y. Therefore the consumer would gain satisfaction by consuming more of good x and less of good y. As he consumes more of good x, MUx will fall which would lead to fall in MUx/ Px. Similarly MUy will rise as he consumes less of good y. This would increase MUy/ Py. This process will continue till we reach the equilibrium point where MUx = MUy = MU of the last rupee spent on each good Px Py Similarly if MUx Px Py The consumer would increase the consumption of good y and reduce the consumption of good x till he reaches the equilibrium point where MUx = MUy = MU of the last rupee spent on each good Px Py EXAMPLE OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY :-   This law can be explained by the following example. Suppose in the month of June a person start drinking water. First glass of water has a great utility for him. If he takes the second glass of water, the utility will be less than the first. If he drinks the third glass , the utility of third will be less than the second, and so on. The utility goes on diminishing with the consumption of every next unit and it drops down to zero. If the consumer is forced further, the utility will become negative. This law can also be explained by the following table : https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7WWOhCiXzYBkMf-C_y8H735F_keCJtCjRqgV2pxn0gT5jqB_3DpB6TgoH2DM41PIU22T2shNlhCkhV3Spmf9344mdKxfr9UJR3MDkr12DYtqssGxElOgUkCBwc56imn5bd0qbmgFdH_o/s320/schedule+of+diminshing+marginal+utility.JPG EXPLANATION :-  The above table show that first glass of water gives units of utility to the thirsty man. When he takes second the marginal utility drops down to 8. When he consumes the 6th glass the marginal utility drops down to zero and by the use of 7th it becomes negative. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfhMYcLEQwpm7INDvSnXkOSk_lpxrrM8-a0aMIgwOkyrW_Ckq_kwBnMiKBM898N82D6z0gNxJ4v_T-887FMEXaXMnG483BYrHsvLtFFf6Te0wH8lhxOpiyW8N0xkIEC0CfyUE2lUlE1Vw/s320/diagram+of+diminishing+marginal+utility.JPG EXPLANATION :-  Along OX we measure the units of commodity consumed along OY utility derived from them. The utility of the first glass of water is represented by the first rectangle and second glass by the second rectangle and so on. FF curve is the diminishing utility curve. ASSUMPTIONS OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY 1. NATURE OF THE COMMODITY :-  There should be no change in the nature of the commodity. For example, If first mango taken is not better, while the second is better, then the utility will not decrease and the utility of second will be greater than first. 2. REASONABLE UNITS :-  It is assumed that the units of a commodity which are used should be suitable and reasonable if the units are too small then this law will not operate. 3. CONTINUOUS USE :-  It is also assumed that the units of the commodity should be used continuously. If there is interval between the consumption the same two units then the law will not be applicable. 4. NO CHANGE IN INCOME :-  It is also assumed that the income of the consumer should not change, otherwise the law may not operate. 5. NO CHANGE IN FASHION AND CUSTOMS :-  If there is a sudden change in fashion or customs of a consumer, the law may not operate. 6. RARE COLLECTIONS :-  If there are two diamonds in the world the possession of the second diamond will push up the marginal utility. 7. NO CHANGE IN THE STOCK OF OTHER PEOPLE :-  Sometimes an increase in the stock of a commodity increases the marginal utility. For example the number of telephone increase in the city, but the utility of our telephone increases. 8. STATE OF MIND SHOULD NOT CHANGE :-  If a consumer has been told that  mango  is a tonic for his health, then marginal utility will increase instead of falling. EXCEPTIONS OR LIMITATIONS 1. DESIRE OF MONEY :-  This law is not applicable in case of money with an increase in wealth man wants to get more and more. 2. DESIRE OF KNOWLEDGE :-  Some experts say that man wants to get more and more knowledge so the law can not be applied in this case. 3. USE OF LIQUOR :-  With the additional use of liquor like wine marginal utility also goes on increasing. 4. PERSONAL HOBBY :-  In case of hobby also this law can not operate. For example , as the collection of tickets increases, its utility also increases. 5. FASHION :-  Utility also depends upon fashion. If the fashion of any commodity changes, its utility drops down to zero. On the other hand if fashion exists then utility increases. Ques No 9. Describe how Marginalism, Opportunity cost Incremental concept aid Decision Making. The marginalist explanation is as follows: The total utility or satisfaction of water exceeds that of diamonds. We would all rather do without diamonds than without water. But almost all of us would prefer to win a prize of a diamond rather than an additional bucket of water. To make this last choice, we ask ourselves not whether diamonds or water give more satisfaction in total, but whether one more diamond gives greater additional satisfaction than one more bucket of water. For this marginal utility question, our answer will depend on how much of each we already have. Though the first units of water we consume every month are of enormous value to us, the last units are not. The utility of additional (or marginal) units continues to decrease as we consume more and more. Economists believe that sensible choice requires comparing marginal utilities and marginal costs. They also think that people apply the marginalism concept regularly, even if subconsciously, in their private decisions. In southern states, for example, a much lower fraction of people buy snow shovels than in northern states. The reason is that although snow shovels cost about the same from state to state, the marginal benefit of a snow shovel is much higher in northern states. But in discussions of public-policy issues, where most of the benefits and costs do not accrue to the individual making the policy decision (e.g., subsidies for  health care), the appeal of total utility and intrinsic worth as the basis for decision can mask the insights of marginalism. Even good answers to certain grand questions give little guidance for rational public policy choices. For example, what is more important, health or recreation? If forced to choose, everyone would find health more important than recreation. But marginalism suggests that our real concern  should be with proportion, not rank. Finding health in total to be more important than recreation in total does not imply that all diving boards should be removed from swimming pools just because a few people die in diving accidents. We need to compare the number of lives saved from fewer diving accidents, that is, the marginal benefit of getting rid of diving boards, with the pleasure given up by getting rid of diving boards, that is, the marginal cost of getting rid of

Characteristics of a Good Leader Essay -- Leadership

A good leader needs to have many particular characteristics. Some of these are obvious, such as that they care about what you are doing and always puts you before themselves. Also another trait of a good leader is that they always keep promises they make. Some of the subtle attributes of a good leader are that they do not hide behind bad news. Moreover, they are easy people to talk to and they have a good if not excellent sense of humor. In my opinion, the best leader would be one that enjoys being the leader, is anyways there when I need him or her, sets tangible milestones, always believes that I can do everything, is optimistic, gets everyone involved, wants everyone to be successful, and lastly is courageous and brave. All these characteristics describe the best leader in the world...

All About Me .

Shadira Andrews Writing #5 Night My whole heart stopped when I saw the blood dripping from my arm. Today was a regular day but my whole life changed. It was a sunny day with my cousins, sister, friends and I when suddenly I get a huge scar on my right back-hand. It might look like a burn but it’s not, it’s a terrible long lasting scar. This raggedy old scar is about nine years old but I still remember every single detail of how this happened. An almost trip to the hospital wasn’t supposed to happen with just a game of basketball that I wasn’t playing.This almost fun day was one of the worst days of my life; this was the night of my life. Why do we have to play tag? This game makes me very exhausted but I have to other wise my crush is going to think I am fat. I am going to need about five bottles of Gatorade to stay energized though. We played tag around the school-yard for about 15 minutes but I had to use the restroom so I told everyone that I’ll be back in a couple of minutes. Just before I was completely out of the yard my sister called my name to ask me to get her something from the house.The next thing you know a boy ends up accidently knocking me unto the floor and I slide across the concrete. If I was car and I was making a sharp turn you would only hear me screaking. The boy was playing basketball and I happened to stop right in front of the basketball court. I can’t believe I’m lying on this concrete with nothing but blood and a boy I don’t even know next to me. I blacked out for a moment and couldn’t hear anything, it was so silent but everyone talked. All I could see and remember is the faces on everyone’s face.My sister looked as if she was having a baby, and the boy looked as if he saw something ghastly. Everyone was panicking but what I couldn’t get out of my head is the fact that my stockings ripped; those were new stockings that my mom finally got me so you could say m y facial expression was being annoyed and irritated. By now I have snapped out of my black out. My cousins helped me up while the shamefaced boy offered me bandages. I just remember I really have a full bladder right about now.Night, pain, dusk, and agony is all that filtered the air as I was being carried by a dozen of my relatives, I mean come on was I that heavy did my crush need to know I needed half of dozen people carrying me. All I was thinking was â€Å"Am I going to get into trouble for ripping my brand new stockings? † As soon as I got into the house my dad asked what happened and I just said â€Å"I fell. † I didn’t want my chaos to turn into a royal rumble or something. My dad did the worst thing ever! He grabs alcohol, peroxide, and everything else that’s expected to stings.I automatically start to cry knowing that the felling will soon be excruciating pain. Of course I hate pain and honesty I didn’t feel anything when my skin came off my right back-hand; but when my dad put that alcohol on my open wound I could have said every curse word in the book. Right about now I was speaking gibberish, the pain was unbearable and I couldn’t understand why my dad didn’t just take me to the hospital he is not a doctor. I guess you could say a dad is anything and everything it needs to be at the time being.Pain is such an uncomfortable feeling that even a tiny amount of it is enough to ruin a week. My hand was throbbing and I couldn’t move it or think about it because that just made the situation worst. I tried a lot of things to make the pain fade away. I tried eating ice cream, going to sleep, and even putting a cold rag around the bandage nothing worked. Then, everyone decided to leave me in the house by myself. My mom and dad had to work and my siblings just took it upon themselves to go outside and not tell me. I looked at the clock and it’s approximately five minutes to 12 when there is a kno ck on the door.Now I am not going to lie I was little scared to answer the door since it was so late so since I was short I climbed on the couch’s leg and looked throw the peep hole. It was my crush! Was he going to make fun of me, let’s see? Everything I did our little conversation was the only thing that helped me block out the pain, of course I was blushing he was adorable. I was finally coming into the house with a smile on my face today and that smile easily went away when I saw the time on my round clock, it said it was 12:11 A. M.In conclusion, today was the worst day ever I got hurt pretty bad with a scar that will be on my back-hand for life and I for the first time ever I now know what pain really feels like. I also have a fear of basketball now no lie; every time I play basketball I always seem to get hurt either I get hit in the head with the ball or I hurt my fingers and they become swollen. Every time someone ask me what happened to my hand and if I were burnt, I say no and I have to summarize this whole story. I try not to remember and forget but I can’t forget that pain. â€Å"Pain has an element of blank† Emily Dickinson.

10 Research Essay Topics on Hellenistic Philosophies

10 Research Essay Topics on Hellenistic Philosophies If you are tasked with writing your research essay on Hellenistic philosophies, one of the first steps is picking your topic after which you must find suitable facts to substantiate any claim you make as part of unfolding your topic. That being said, below you will find a multitude of interesting facts on Hellenistic Philosophies some of which might make for suitable evidence in your next writing task: After Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato, new philosophical thinking was discouraged by the changing cultural and political climate in Athens. The Greek Empire, founded by Alexander and Philip was conquered by the Romans. Culture of the Hellenistic period is what was left among the Greeks who were still in charge of the centralized state and military. While all people were encouraged to participate in the government as part of the Athenian tradition, individual citizens found that they could no longer contribute to shaping the social structure that led their lives. It is for this reason that Hellenistic philosophers did not spend as much time focused on the ideal state or on how this construction would help people to achieve happiness in life. Instead they were more ethical thinkers who focused on the life of individuals, independent from society. The descriptions put forth focused on the kind of actions and character that would best lead to a life well lived despite the then-current pol itical realities. The Hellenistic philosophers were focused on how people should live when the external circumstances around them are beyond their control. The Hellenistic schools of philosophy did not propose radical changes or solutions to the larger governmental issues of the time, but instead paid attention to personal and individual changes There were two atomists named Democritus and Leucippus who created a systematic description of the world of nature, which was made up of particles, each having mechanical interactions with one another. This accounted for everything happening in the world. Because of such theory, people were paying significant attention to the consequences resulting from their actions. Epicurus was the leading philosopher of the Hellenistic period. He and his followers pointed out that since atoms were indestructible and accounted for the material used by all things in the universe to move and collide this movement was actually beyond the control of people. It was believed that these materials which would never go away, were all being controlled by elements within the larger universe that people could not change and so, even things such as politics were beyond control of people. It is for this reason that human life was a passive thing, and that humans could only experience nature and life but were not capable of changing it in the grand scheme of things. But it was still believed that people could live a good life and in doing so have some control over experiencing pleasant things in life rather than the unpleasant. Epicurus wrote that the goal of human life should be to enjoy mental ease and freedom from any pain. This means that sensual desires are all natural things and that wanting to satisfy them is completely natural too, as satiation is a pleasure in and of itself . However the frustration felt in not satisfying these urges is a form of pain. So to lead a good life free from pain one must satisfy these natural urges. It was also stated that death is the annihilation of personality, and it is not something which can be experienced. Therefore, people should not be afraid of death or bemoan the fact that all lives must end. Epicurus stated that people should relax, they should eat, and drink, and they should live in merriment. Epicurus stated that the most successful life is one in which people attain happiness through personal fulfillment, but in addition to this, people must also seek mental peace which can only come from accepting whatever things happen in life without complaining or struggling. These concepts were rivaled by the Stoics who represented a collection of knowledge put forth by Zeno and Chrysippus. The Stoics believed that there was a naturalistic explanation for people and their behaviors and that each person represented a microcosm of the whole universe. It was Epictetus who promoted that the central component to understanding how few of the occurances in the universe were under people’s control. It was he who stated that people must learn to remain stoic and stern in life, accepting the fates that are given without complaint. He also stated that all things in life, including family and friends, will perish and as such people should never become attached to these things and instead view each thing in life as a temporary blessing or a temporary curse, something that will naturally pass away in time. Skepticism was another school of Hellenistic philosophy which illustrated a keen lack of confidence in life, and it stated that human knowledge was severely limited in its application and scope. It was Pyrrho of Elis who originally taught skepticism and touted that people do not have any genuine knowledge or understanding of how things. Because of this they were encouraged to practice a suspension of judgment. Meaning that people can respond rationally to all situations in which they have no information or understanding. Such course of thinking concluded that people generally should not be acting at all. This is what brings about the essential peace of mind so heavily integrated into skepticism. It was Sextus Empiricus who wrote about a history of the skeptics and in doing so criticized the pretentious thoughts and acts of the other schools. It was this historian who noted that skeptics, who challenged the other popular Hellenistic philosophies of the time, arose from an odd and strict definition of â€Å"knowledge†. He argued that people truly know very little due to the fact that they cannot know something unless absolutely certain and was heavily ignored at the time of the statement release. However, later on it was used when the skeptical philosophy had been revived. These facts on Hellenistic Philosophies should give you enough knowledge to start drafting a new academic paper. Also check our collection of 20 potential topics on this matter with a provided sample and complete guide on writing a research essay on Hellenistic Philosophies. References: Adamson, Peter.  Philosophy in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds. Print. Algra, Keimpe. Hellenistic Philosophy.  Phronesis  45.1 (2000): 77-86. Web. Inwood, Brad, and Lloyd P Gerson.  Hellenistic Philosophy. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co., 1988. Print. Irwin, Terence.  Classical Philosophy. New York [u.a.]: Garland Publ, 1995. Print. Kristeller, Paul Oskar.  Greek Philosophers of the Hellenistic Age. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. Print. Long, A. A.  From Epicurus to Epictetus. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. Print. Winston, David, and Gregory E Sterling.  The Ancestral Philosophy. Providence, RI: Brown Judaic Studies, 2001. Print.

Tools and Approaches of Conflict Resolution

Tools and Approaches of Conflict Resolution Introduction Conflict resolution is phenomenal in all levels of corporate and individual management. Different tools and approaches have been proposed and practiced around the world in addressing different situations. This essay explores three of them, namely: constructive controversy, power and communication.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tools and Approaches of Conflict Resolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Constructive Controversy Intellectual conflicts can be constructive to motivate people in seeking external understanding to accommodate a wider range of views. Constructive controversy mainly encompasses unforced discussions which generate creative ways of problem solving. This can be contrasted to general debates, personal processes or concurrence seeking. Most people form primary conclusion and rationale when faced with a problem that requires a solution (Deutsch, Coleman Marcus, 2006). Nevertheless, this usually turns into uncertainty when challenged with different opinions which trigger the search for the truth and reasonable stances. It is always a cooperative endeavor that aims at accommodating varying perspectives from other people and yields solutions which promote positive feelings among participants. Importantly, constructive controversies occur in cooperative contexts where players are collaborators and are open to criticism and different perspectives. In this case, participants get motivated to find creative and quality solutions through reasoning which leads to change of attitude and self esteem (Dana, 2001). Furthermore, constructive controversy can be implemented in decision making by use of advocacy teams which develop cases for their group before reversing their initial position and then having a conclusive debate. It can also be used to enhance academic learning where students through groups, handle a problem from two opposing sides before consensus class discu ssions. This approach is important in promoting democracy. Power and Conflict From a general perspective, power plays a major role in a wide range of conflicts. As a result, there are misconceptions about power including a feeling of competitiveness and physical implication such that it flows in a single direction. Some theorists view power as coercive when exercised over others while others view it from a cooperative stance that is, â€Å"power with† others. Additionally, power is viewed within the context of being dependent and independent. Independent theorists believe in empowerment and the ability to exercise power minus any disability. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Power therefore utilizes the interplay between an individual’s characteristics and those of the existing conflict. In this case, the individual uses a variety of resources and str ategies of authority to achieve holistic goals. Significant spheres of personal power are: motivational, ethical and cognitive orientations. Individuals may be motivated to exercise either personal or group power (Deutsch, Coleman Marcus, 2006). This is mainly determined by the role being played, hierarchy in terms of position and culture which defines attitude towards power. Notably, competition of power arises when â€Å"power over† is exercised resulting into impairment of reasonable solutions. On the other hand, cooperative conflicts allow several alternatives to accomplish a competitive strategy and relevant power out to be considered to achieve desired goals. Training in conflict resolution is important to avoid friction between high and low-power groups (Deutsch, Coleman Marcus, 2006). Communication and Conflict Communication is a major tool in conflict resolution as depicted from several models. The coding-encoding model views communication as a process which invo lves encoding, transmission and decoding of information (Deutsch, Coleman Marcus, 2006). Good communication calls for proper communication that eliminates erroneous noise which may distort the message leading to misunderstanding. Secondly, intentionalist model looks at different meanings derived from similar words. It calls for having a shared language background that gives a common understanding as opposed to preconceived perceptions. Speakers should know the intended meaning and reflect on the interpretation of listeners. On the other hand, perspective-taking model acknowledges different point of views from participants sharing language and culture. Successful communication as applied in conflict resolution occurs when a speaker considers the perception of listeners than having misinformed judgment and stereotypes. Lastly, dialogic model underlines collaborative and cooperative approaches in communication within particular contexts of conflicts. It considers listeners as active participants with equal role in understanding the message. This can be achieved through questions from listeners seeking clarity of ideas. Equivalently, good communicators ought to put into account the form of the message as it may affect its content (Dana, 2001). Coupled with positive intentions, good communication makes the process of conflict resolution possible while the converse may exacerbate the situation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tools and Approaches of Conflict Resolution specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Dana, D. (2001). Conflict resolution: mediation tools for everyday work-life. New York City, U.S: McGraw-Hill Professional. Deutsch, M., Coleman, P. T. Marcus, C. E. (2006). The handbook of conflict resolution: theory and practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.

Aye aye Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aye aye - Research Paper Example This third digit is independent in movement from the other digits and is extremely versatile. The third digits complete independence in movement serves two main purposes, tapping to find insects within cavities in wood and probing to find and remove larvae from those cavities. This method of locating and extracting insect larval prey is called percussive foraging (Aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis) The unique appearance, rodent like teeth, peculiar ways of finding food, superstitions around it etc made aye-aye one of the interesting creations of God. â€Å"It is the world’s largest nocturnal primate, and is characterized by its unique method of finding food; it taps on trees to find grubs, then gnaws holes in the wood and inserts its elongated middle finger to pull the grubs out† (Aye-Aye Madagascar). This paper briefly analyses different features and superstitions associated with aye-aye. Aye-aye found mainly on the east coast of Madagascar. Rain forests are the habitat of this creature. Majority of the time, aye ayes are spent on tree tops even though they occasionally climb down and moving on the land. However, the destruction of forests or deforestation caused aye-ayes to come out from their natural habitat and visit the populated areas. Aye-aye is a mammal which makes nests for its shelter. â€Å"The nests appear as closed spheres with single entry holes, situated in the forks of large trees† (Aye-aye). Like many of the other creatures, they sleep during day and hunt during the night. The major foods of aye-ayes are nuts, grubs, fruits, nectar, seeds, fungi etc. It eats both plants and meats or it eats both vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods. Coconuts, mangoes, sugar cane, eggs of other creatures etc are other major foods of aye-aye. The diet of the aye-aye is largely wood-boring grubs, which are found under the bark of trees. The aye-aye uses its long middle finger to carefully tap the wood, and it uses

The Law of Contract Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Law of Contract - Coursework Example The rule takes into account parol evidence in addition to other evidence as regards to a contract. Contractual capacity is the ability to understand and reason. What is the difference between someone who is crazy versus someone who has been previously declared insane by a judge? How does this affect the contract? Someone who is crazy is simply one who behaves weirdly, while someone who has been previously declared insane by a judge is one who does not have the mental capacity to make a reasonable decision on his/her own. This means that crazy persons can be capable of making reasonable decisions on their own, or they may not be capable depending on the magnitude and source of their crazy behavior. If a judge declares a person as insane, then it is assumed that such person does not have the capacity to comprehend their acts, therefore, any contract that is made by such person after being declared insane is not enforceable. Consideration is one of the requirements of an enforceable contract. Therefore, a simple contract must be supported by a consideration otherwise it is not enforceable as a contract. In other words, consideration is the negotiation aspect of a contract. It can be defined as â€Å"an act or promise offered by the one party and accepted by the other party as a price for that others promise.† (Collins 252). The following are examples of considerations: i. UCC  § 2-204(4): this section acknowledges the legal impact of the contract created through electronic instruments. It originates from means such as the communication between an individual and an electronic instrument or through the communication of electronic instruments of the involved parties.